Resumo Espécies de Peltula ocorrem em ambientes áridos e semiáridos e espécies novas têm sido constantemente descritas em todo o mundo. Neste mesmo sentido, a diversidade de liquens está sendo estudada na diversa, porém pouco conhecida, região centro-oeste do Brasil, e espécies e registros novos têm sido descobertos. Como parte do resultado, Peltula anthracina é proposta como nova para a ciência, e P. leptophylla e P. lingulata como novos registros para o estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Como a região é altamente ameaçada pela expansão das atividades agrícolas, os autores destacam a importância da conservação da vegetação natural para preservar a diversidade oculta dos liquens.

Abstract Peltula species occur in arid and semi-arid environments, with new species being regularly described worldwide. Lichen diversity is being studied in the diverse but poorly known Midwest region of Brazil, and new species and records are being proposed. In this paper, Peltula anthracina is proposed as new to science, and P. leptophylla and P. lingulata are reported as new records from Mato Grosso do Sul state. As it is a region highly threatened by the expansion of agricultural activities, the authors highlight the importance of the conservation of native flora to preserve lichens’ hidden diversity.

ABSTRACT Pannaria hookeri (Borrer ex Sm.) Nyl. is reported as a bipolar cyanolichen that occurs in more than twenty countries in both Hemispheres. In the Northern Hemisphere, a minor variation is attributed to the species, whereas larger morphological and chemical variations have been reported in specimens from the Southern Hemisphere. Six P. hookeri DNA sequences are available in GenBank, and only one (from Australia) is associated with a published morphological description. In this study, we performed a preliminary phylogenetic analysis including seven nuITS and mtSSU sequences from eight specimens collected in south Argentina. In addition, we provide an update of the taxon circumscription based on 50 specimens from 13 countries. Here, the molecular analyses revealed a well-supported monophyletic group formed by the P. hookeri sequences from Argentina, Australia, Norway and USA (Alaska). Regarding the morphological and anatomical characteristics, the Southern Hemisphere specimens did not present the historical reported variations, resulting in the proposition of a concise species description that accomplishes most of P. hookeri known geographical distribution.

ABSTRACT Collema leptosporum was originally included in Collemataceae as part of the Collema fasciculare group, an informal group that also included C. fasciculare, C. papuanorum, and C. uviforme. However, molecular data from C. fasciculare showed that this species belongs to Arctomiaceae, and all species in this informal group were relocated to Arctomia, although no molecular data were generated and analyzed for C. leptosporum, C. papuanorum and C. uviforme. To investigate the phylogenetic relationships of Collema leptosporum, currently Arctomia leptospora, we analyzed three DNA loci and examined morphological and anatomical features of specimens collected near the type locality. Genetic data suggest that this species is not included in Arctomiaceae and should be treated as a new genus in Collemataceae. Hondaria gen. nov. is characterized by having the longest transversely-septate ascospores in the family ((100-)120-175(-200) × 2-4(-5) µm). This study also suggests that the structures characterizing the C. fasciculare group are a result of convergent evolution, since this group includes species from different distantly related species.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos vegetais de Ocotea silvestris Vattimo-Gil e Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.) Mez frente a 10 sorotipos de Salmonella enterica de origem avícola de maior incidência na região Oeste do Paraná, bem como realizar a triagem fitoquímica dos compostos de Ocotea silvestris Vattimo-Gil e Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.). Após a obtenção do extrato aquoso e dos extratos orgânicos (álcool etílico, acetato de etila e hexano) foram determinadas a concentração inibitória mínima (MIC) e a concentração bactericida mínima (MBC) por meio da técnica de microdiluição em caldo. A prospecção fitoquímica foi realizada de acordo com metodologia qualitativa de precipitação e colorimetria. Os extratos apresentaram atividade inibitória e bactericida em diferentes concentrações (200 a 25 mg.mL-1) frente aos sorotipos de Salmonella, variando de acordo com o solvente extrator. O extrato acetato de etila apresentou os melhores resultados, seguido pelo extrato alcoólico, aquoso e hexânico. Ressalta-se que estudos de atividade antimicrobiana com extrato vegetais dentro do gênero Ocotea são escassos, contudo, a família Lauraceae apresenta significativas atividades biológicas, principalmente relacionadas aos seus óleos essenciais. A prospecção fitoquímica detectou a presença de esteróides e alcalóides em ambas as espécies de Ocotea, podendo justificar o potencial antimicrobiano encontrado para os sorotipos de Salmonella. Conclui-se que estas plantas representam uma alternativa para o controle de Salmonella no setor avícola, refletindo uma nova perspectiva para estudos com produtos naturais.

SUMMARY The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts Ocotea silvestris Vattimo-Gil and Ocotea diospyrifolia (Meisn.) Mez against 10 serotypes Salmonella enterica of poultry origin of the highest incidence in the western region of Paraná, as well as to perform the phytochemical screening of the compounds of the two species. After obtaining the aqueous extract and the organic extracts (ethyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and hexane) was determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by technique microdilution broth. Phytochemical prospecting performed according to qualitative methodology of precipitation and colorimetry. The extracts presented inhibitory and bactericidal activity in different concentrations (200 to 25 mg.mL-1) against the serotypes of Salmonella, varying according to the solvent extractor. The ethyl acetate extract presented the best results, followed by the alcoholic, aqueous and hexane extract. It is noteworthy that studies of antimicrobial activity with vegetable extract within the genus Ocotea are scarce, however, the Lauraceae family presents significant biological activities, mainly related to its essential oils. Phytochemical prospecting detected the presence of steroids and alkaloids in both Ocotea species, which may justify the antimicrobial potential found for Salmonella serotypes. It is concluded that these plants represent an alternative for the control of Salmonella in the poultry sector, reflecting a new perspective for studies with natural products.

RESUMO O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar in vitro a eficácia de desinfetantes comumente utilizados e biodegradáveis na sanitização de aviários frente a sorotipos de Salmonella spp. isolados de granjas de aves no Estado do Paraná, Brasil.Os experimentos foram realizados utilizando o tempo de contato de 20 minutos e os desinfetantes testados emtrês concentrações:a recomendada pelo fabricante,metade da concentração recomendada e o dobro da mesma,bem como na presença e ausência de matéria orgânica. Em geral, todos os desinfetantes foram capazes de causar a redução significativa nas contagens dos micro-organismos em relação ao grupo controle. Na ausência de matéria orgânica, os desinfetantes a base de ácidos orgânicos apresentaram os melhores resultados frente ao sorotipo S. Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum, e os desinfetantes a base de glutaraldeído e hipoclorito de sódio frente aos sorotipos S. Typhimurium e S. Intantis. Na presença de matéria orgânica, como comumente se encontra o ambiente avícola, pôde-se observar que todos os desinfetantes apresentaram sua eficácia diminuída, sendo o a base de ácidos orgânicos o que apresentou as menores contagens de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC). O desinfetante a base de ácidos orgânicos mostrou-se uma potencial alternativa de uso na avicultura, pela eficácia no controle dos sorotipos de Salmonella isoladas de granjas avícolas.

SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in vitro of disinfectants commonly used in sanitizing poultry farms and biodegradable disinfectants against Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry farms in the state of Parana, Brazil. The experiments were performed using the contact time of 20 minutes and disinfectants tested in three concentrations recommended by the manufacturer, half the recommended concentration and twice the recommended concentration, as well as the presence and absence of organic matter. In general, all disinfectants caused significant reduction in the microorganisms counts compared to the control. In the absence of organic matter, disinfectants based on organic acids showed the best results against the serotype Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum and disinfectants based onglutaraldehyde and sodium hypochlorite against the serotypes Typhimurium and Intantis. In the presence of organic matter, as commonly found in the poultry environment, it was observed that all disinfectants showed decreased effectiveness, and the disinfectant based on organic acids had the lowest CFU counts. Accordingly, the disinfectant based on organic acids proved to be potential alternative for use in poultry due to effectiveness in controlling Salmonella serotypes isolated from poultry.